Social software encompasses a range of software systems that allow users to interact and share data. This computer-mediated communication has become very popular with social sites like MySpace and Facebook, media sites like Flickr and YouTube as well as commercial sites like Amazon.com and eBay. Many of these applications share characteristics like open APIs, service-oriented design and the ability to upload data and media. The terms Web 2.0 and (for large-business applications) Enterprise 2.0 are also used to describe this style of software.
The more specific terms collaborative software and groupware are usually applied narrowly to software that enables collaborative work. Distinctions among usage of the terms “social”, “trusted” and “collaborative” are in the applications or uses, not the tools themselves, although some tools are used only rarely for collaborative work.
[edit] Kinds of tools for online communication
Social software applications include communication tools and interactive tools. Communication tools typically handle the capturing, storing and presentation of communication, usually written but increasingly including audio and video as well. Interactive tools handle mediated interactions between a pair or group of users. They focus on establishing and maintaining a connection among users, facilitating the mechanics of conversation and talk.
[edit] Instant Messaging
An instant messaging application or client allows one to communicate with another person over a network in real time, in relative privacy. Popular, consumer-oriented clients include AOL Instant Messenger, Google Talk, ICQ, Meebo, MSN Messenger, Pidgin (formerly Gaim), Skype and Yahoo! Messenger. Instant messaging software designed for use in business includes IBM Lotus Sametime, XMPP and Microsoft Messenger.
One can add friends to a contact or “buddy” list by entering the person’s email address or messenger ID. If the person is online, their name will typically be listed as available for chat. Clicking on their name will activate a chat window with space to write to the other person, as well as read their reply.
[edit] Text chat
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) and other online chat technologies allow users to join chat rooms and communicate with many people at once, publicly. Users may join a pre-existing chat room or create a new one about any topic. Once inside, you may type messages that everyone else in the room can read, as well as respond to messages from others. Often there is a steady stream of people entering and leaving. Whether you are in another person’s chat room or one you’ve created yourself, you are generally free to invite others online to join you in that room. Instant messaging facilitates both one-to-one (communication) and many-to-many interaction.
[edit] Internet forums
Main article:
Internet forumOriginally modeled after the real-world paradigm of electronic bulletin boards of the world before internet was born, internet forums allow users to post a “topic” for others to review. Other users can view the topic and post their own comments in a linear fashion, one after the other. Most forums are public, allowing anybody to sign up at any time. A few are private, gated communities where new members must pay a small fee to join, like the Something Awful Forums.
Forums can contain many different categories in a hierarchy according to topics and subtopics. Other features include the ability to post images or files or to quote another user’s post with special formatting in one’s own post. Forums often grow in popularity until they can boast several thousand members posting replies to tens of thousands of topics continuously.
There are various standards and claimants for the market leaders of each software category. Various add-ons may be available, including translation and spelling correction software, depending on the expertise of the operators of the bulletin board. In some industry areas, the bulletin board has its own commercially successful achievements: free and paid hardcopy magazines as well as professional and amateur sites.
Current successful services have combined new tools with the older newsgroup and mailing list paradigm to produce hybrids like Yahoo! Groups and Google Groups. Also as a service catches on, it tends to adopt characteristics and tools of other services that compete. Over time, for example, wiki user pages have become social portals for individual users and may be used in place of other portal applications.
A wiki is a web page whose content can be edited by its visitors. Examples include Wikipedia, Wiktionary, the original Portland Pattern Repository wiki, MeatballWiki, CommunityWiki and Wikisource. For more detail on free and commercially available wiki systems see Comparison of wiki software.
Blogs, short for web logs, are like online journals for a particular person. The owner will post a message periodically, allowing others to comment. Topics often include the owner’s daily life, views on politics or a particular subject important to them.
Blogs mean many things to different people, ranging from “online journal” to “easily updated personal website.” While these definitions are technically correct, they fail to capture the power of blogs as social software. Beyond being a simple homepage or an online diary, some blogs allow comments on the entries, thereby creating a discussion forum. They also have blogrolls (i.e. links to other blogs which the owner reads or admires) and indicate their social relationship to those other bloggers using the XFN social relationship standard. Pingback and trackback allow one blog to notify another blog, creating an inter-blog conversation. Blogs engage readers and can build a virtual community around a particular person or interest. Examples include Slashdot, LiveJournal, BlogSpot. Blogging has also become fashionable in business settings by companies who use software such as IBM Lotus Connections.
[edit] Collaborative real-time editors
Simultaneous editing of a text or media file by different participants on a network was first demonstrated on research systems as early as the 1970s, but is now practical on a global network. SubEthaEdit, SynchroEdit, ACE and Moonedit are examples of this type of social software. Google Docs & Spreadsheets and Zoho allow for joint editing, but other users will only see changes after saving. Etherpad is a very promising platform, that has been open sourced.
[edit] Prediction markets
Many prediction market tools have become available (including some free software) that make it easy to predict and bet on future events. This a more formal version of social interaction, although it qualifies as a robust type of social software.
[edit] Social network services
Social network services allow people to come together online around shared interests, hobbies or causes. For example, some sites provide dating services where users post personal profiles, locations, ages, gender, etc and are able to search for a partner. Other services enable business networking (Ryze, XING and LinkedIn) and social event meetups (Meetup).
Some large wikis have effectively become social network services by encouraging user pages and portals.
Anyone can create their own social networking service using hosted offerings like Ning, grou.ps or rSitez or more flexible, installable software like Elgg, BuddyPress or Concursive’s ConcourseConnect.
[edit] Social network search engines
Social network search engines are a class of search engines that use social networks to organize, prioritize or filter search results. There are two subclasses of social network search engines: those that use explicit social networks and those that use implicit social networks.
- Explicit social network search engines allow people to find each other according to explicitly stated social relationships such as XFN social relationships. XHTML Friends Network, for example, allows people to share their relationships on their own sites, thus forming a decentralized/distributed online social network, in contrast to centralized social network services listed in the previous section.
- Implicit social network search engines allow people to filter search results based upon classes of social networks they trust, such as a shared political viewpoint. This was called an epistemic filter in the 1993 “State of the Future Report” from the American Committee for the United Nations University which predicted that this would become the dominant means of search for most users.
Lacking trustworthy explicit information about such viewpoints, this type of social network search engine mines the web to infer the topology of online social networks. For example, the NewsTrove search engine infers social networks from content - sites, blogs, pods and feeds - by examining, among other things, subject matter, link relationships and grammatical features to infer social networks.
[edit] Deliberative social networks
Deliberative social networks are webs of discussion and debate for decision-making purposes. They are built for the purpose of establishing sustained relationships between individuals and their government. They rely upon informed opinion and advice that is given with a clear expectation of outcomes.
[edit] Commercial social networks
Commercial social networks are designed to support business transaction and to build a trust between an individual and a brand, which relies on opinion of product, ideas to make the product better, enabling customers to participate with the brands in promoting development, service delivery and a better customer experience.[citation needed]. An example of these networks is Dell IdeaStorm.
[edit] Social guides
A social guide recommending places to visit or contains information about places in the real world such as coffee shops, restaurants and wifi hotspots, etc. One such application is wikitravel.
[edit] Social bookmarking
Some web sites allow users to post their list of bookmarks or favorites websites for others to search and view them. These sites can also be used to meet others sharing common interests. Examples include digg, Delicious, StumbleUpon, reddit, and furl.
Enterprise bookmarking is a method of tagging and linking any information using an expanded set of tags to capture knowledge about data.[1] It collects and indexes these tags in a web-infrastructure server residing behind the firewall. Users can share knowledge tags with specified people or groups, shared only inside specific networks, typically within an organization. Examples of this software are Jumper 2.0, IBM Dogear, and Connectbeam.
[edit] Social cataloging
In Social cataloging much like social bookmarking, this software is aimed towards academics. It allows the user to post a citation for an article found on the internet or a website, online database like Academic Search Premier or LexisNexis Academic University, a book found in a library catalog and so on. These citations can be organized into predefined categories or a new category defined by the user through the use of tags. This allows academics researching or interested in similar areas to connect and share resources. Examples for those services include Jumper 2.0, CiteULike, Connotea, BibSonomy and refbase.
[edit] Social libraries
This applications allows visitors to keep track of their collectibles, books, records and DVDs. Users can share their collections. Recommendations can be generated based on user ratings, using statistical computation and network theory. Some sites offer a buddy system, as well as virtual “check outs” of items for borrowing among friends. Folksonomy or tagging is implemented on most of these sites. Examples include discogs.com, imdb.com and LibraryThing.
[edit] Social online storage
Social online storage applications allow their users to collaboratively create file archives containing files of any type. Files can either be edited online or from a local computer which has access to the storage system. Such systems can be built upon existing server infrastructure (e.g. GDrive) or leverage idle resources by applying P2P technology (e.g. Wuala). Such systems are social because they allow for public file distribution and direct file sharing with friends.
[edit] Virtual worlds
Main article:
Virtual worldVirtual Worlds are services where it is possible to meet and interact with other people in a virtual environment reminiscent of the real world. Thus the term virtual reality. Typically, the user manipulates an avatar through the world, interacting with others using chat or voice chat.
[edit] Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs)
MMOGs are virtual worlds (also known as virtual environments) that add various sorts of point systems, levels, competition and winners and losers to virtual world simulation. Commercial MMOGs (or, more accurately, massively multiplayer online role-playing games or MMORPGs,) include Everquest and World of Warcraft. The Dotsoul Cyberpark is one of the more innovative non-commercial worlds, with the look and feel of Second Life and Active Worlds, but an adamantly anti-corporate stance. Other open-source and experimental examples include Planeshift, Croquet project, VOS and Solipsis.
[edit] Non-game worlds
Another development are the worlds that are less game-like or not games at all. Games have points, winners and losers. Instead, some virtual worlds are more like social networking services like MySpace and Facebook, but with 3D simulation features. Examples include Second Life, ActiveWorlds, The Sims Online and There.
[edit] Economies
Very often a real economy emerges in these worlds, extending the non-physical service economy within the world to service providers in the real world. Experts can design dresses or hairstyles for characters, go on routine missions for them and so on, and be paid in game money to do so. This emergence has resulted in expanding social possibility and also in increased incentives to cheat. In the case of Second Life, the in-world economy is one of the primary features of the world. Some MMOG companies even have economists employed full-time (for example, CCP Games with Eve Online) to monitor their in-game economic systems.
[edit] Other specialized social applications
There are many other applications with social software characteristics that facilitate human connection and collaboration in specific contexts. Project management and e-learning applications are among these.
[edit] Social software vendor lists
Various analyst firms have attempted to list and categorize the major social software vendors in the marketplace. Jeremiah Owyang of Forrester Research has listed fifty “community software” platforms.[2] Independent analyst firm CMS Watch has categorized what it calls “the 30 most significant” Social Software vendors, which it evaluates head-to-head.[3]
[edit] Comparison of communication and interactive tools
Communication tools are generally asynchronous. By contrast, interactive tools are generally synchronous, allowing users to communicate in real time (phone, net phone, video chat) or near-synchronous (IM, text chat).
Communication involve the content of talk, speech or writing, whereas interaction involves the interest users establish in one another as individuals. In other words, a communication tool may want to make access and searching of text both simple and powerful. An interactive tool may want to present as much of a user’s expression, performance and presence as possible. The organization of texts and providing access to archived contributions differs from the facilitation of interpersonal interactions between contributors enough to warrant the distinction in media.[citation needed]
[edit] Emerging technologies
Emerging technological capabilities to more widely distribute hosting and support much higher bandwidth in real time are bypassing central content arbiters in some cases.[citation needed]
[edit] Peer-to-peer social networks
A hybrid of web-based social networks, instant messaging technologies and peer-to-peer connectivity and file sharing, peer-to-peer social networks generally allow users to share blogs, files (especially photographs) and instant messages. Some examples are imeem, SpinXpress, Bouillon, Wirehog and Soulseek. Also, Groove, Collanos, WiredReach and Kerika have similar functionality, but with more of a work-based, collaboration bias.
[edit] Virtual presence
Widely viewed, virtual presence or telepresence means being present via intermediate technologies, usually radio, telephone, television or the internet. In addition, it can denote apparent physical appearance, such as voice, face and body language.
More narrowly, the term virtual presence denotes presence on World Wide Web locations which are identified by URLs. People who are browsing a web site are considered to be virtually present at web locations. Virtual presence is a social software in the sense that people meet on the web by chance or intentionally. The ubiquitous(in the web space) communication transfers behavior patterns from the real world and virtual worlds to the web. Research[4] has demonstrated effects[5] of online indicators
[edit] Debates or design choices
Social software may be better understood as a set of debates or design choices, rather than any particular list of tools. Broadly conceived, there are many older media such as mailing lists and Usenet fora that qualify as “social”. However, most users of this term restrict its meaning to more recent software genres such as blogs and wikis. Others suggest that the term social software is best used not to refer to a single type of software, but rather to the use of two or more modes of computer-mediated communication that result in “community formation.”[6] In this view, people form online communities by combining one-to-one (e.g. email and instant messaging), one-to-many (Web pages and blogs) and many-to-many (wikis) communication modes.[7]. Some groups schedule real life meetings and so become “real” communities of people that share physical lives.
Most definers of social software agree that they seem to facilitate “bottom-up” community development. The system is classless and promotes those with abilities. Membership is voluntary, reputations are earned by winning the trust of other members and the community’s missions and governance are defined by the members themselves[8].
Communities formed by “bottom-up” processes are often contrasted to the less vibrant collectivities formed by “top-down” software, in which users’ roles are determined by an external authority and circumscribed by rigidly conceived software mechanisms (such as access rights). Given small differences in policies, the same type of software can produce radically different social outcomes. For instance, TikiWiki CMS/Groupware has a fine-grained permission system of detailed access control so the site administrator can, on a page-by-page basis, determine which groups can view, edit or view the history. By contrast, mediawiki avoids per-user controls, to keep most pages editable by most users and puts more information about users currently editing in its recent changes pages. The result is that TikiWiki can be used both by community groups who embrace the social paradigm of mediawiki and by groups who prefer to have more content control.
By design, social software reflects the traits of social networks and is designed very consciously to let social network analysis work with a very compatible database. All social software systems create links between users, as persistent as the identity those users choose. Through these persistent links, a permanent community can be formed out of a formerly epistemic community. The ownership and control of these links - who is linked and who isn’t - is in the hands of the user. Thus, these links are asymmetrical - you might link to me, but I might not link to you[9]. Also, these links are functional, not decorative - you can choose not to receive any content from people you are not connected to, for example. Wikipedia user pages are a very good example and often contain extremely detailed information about the person who constructed them, including everything from their mother tongue to their moral purchasing preferences.
In late 2008, independent analyst firm CMS Watch argued that a scenario-based (use-case) approach to examining social software would provide a useful way to evaluate tools and align business and technology needs.[10].
[edit] Theory
Constructivist learning theorists such as Vygotsky, Leidner and Jarvenpaa have theorized that the process of expressing knowledge aids its creation and that conversations benefit the refinement of knowledge. Conversational knowledge management software fulfills this purpose because conversations, e.g. questions and answers, become the source of relevant knowledge in the organization.[11] Conversational technologies are also seen as tools to support both individual knowledge workers and work units.[12]
Many advocates of Social Software assume, and even actively argue, that users create actual communities. They have adopted the term “online communities” to describe the resulting social structures.
[edit] History
Christopher Allen supported this definition and traced the core ideas of this concept back through Computer Supported Cooperative or Collaborative Work (CSCW) in the 1990s, Groupware in the 1970s and 1980s, to Englebart’s “augmentation” (1960s) and Bush’s “Memex” (1940s). Although he identifies a “lifecycle” to this terminology that appears to reemerge each decade in a different form, this does not necessarily mean that social software is simply old wine in new bottles.[13]
The augmentation capabilities of social software were demonstrated in early internet applications for communication such as e-mail, newsgroups, groupware, virtual communities etc. In the current phase of Allen’s lifecycle, these collaborative tools add a capability “that aggregates the actions of networked users.” This points to a powerful dynamic that distinguishes social software from other group collaboration tools and as a component of Web 2.0 technology. Capabilities for content and behavior aggregation and redistribution present some of the more important potentials of this media.[citation needed] In the next phase, academic experiments, Social Constructivism and the open source software movement are expected to be notable influences.
Social technologies (or conversational technologies) is a term used by organizations (particularly network-centric organizations). It describes the technology that allows the storage and creation of knowledge through collaborative writing.
[edit] Timeline
In 1945, Vannevar Bush described a hypertext-like device called the “memex” in his The Atlantic Monthly article As We May Think[14].
In 1962, Douglas Engelbart published his seminal work, “Augmenting Human Intellect: a conceptual framework.” In this paper, he proposed using computers to augment training. With his colleagues at the Stanford Research Institute, Engelbart started to develop a computer system to augment human abilities, including learning. Debuting in 1968, the system was simply called the oNLine System (NLS).[15]
In the same year, Dale McCuaig presented the initial concept of a global information network in his series of memos entitled “On-Line Man Computer Communication,” written in August 1962. However, the actual development of the internet must be credited to Lawrence G. Roberts of MIT,[16] along with Leonard Kleinrock, Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf.
In 1971, the MITRE Corporation began a year-long demonstration of the TICCIT system among Reston, Virginia cable television subscribers. Interactive television services included informational and educational demonstrations using a touch-tone telephone. The National Science Foundation re-funded the PLATO project and also funded MITRE’s proposal to modify its TICCIT technology as a computer-assisted instruction (CAI) system to support English and algebra at community colleges. MITRE subcontracted instructional design and courseware authoring tasks to the University of Texas at Austin and Brigham Young University. Also during this year, Ivan Illich described computer-based “learning webs” in his book Deschooling Society[17].
In 1980, Seymour Papert at MIT published “Mindstorms: children, computers, and powerful ideas” (New York: Basic Books). This book inspired a number of books and studies on “microworlds” and their impact on learning. BITNET was founded by a consortium of US and Canadian universities. It allowed universities to connect with each other for educational communications and e-mail. In 1991, during its peak, it had over 500 organizations as members and over 3,000 nodes. Its use declined as the World Wide Web grew.
In 1986, Tony Bates published “The Role of Technology in Distance Education“[18], reflecting (in 1986!) on ways forward for e-learning. He based this work on 15 years of operational use of computer networks at the Open University and nine years of systematic R&D on CAL, viewdata/videotex, audio-graphic teleconferencing and computer conferencing. Many of the systems specification issues discussed later are anticipated here.[19]
Though prototyped in 1983, the first version of Computer Supported Intentional Learning Environments (CSILE) was installed in 1986 on a small network of Cemcorp ICON computers, at an elementary school in Toronto, Canada. CSILE included text and graphical notes authored by different user levels (students, teachers, others) with attributes such as comments and thinking types which reflect the role of the note in the author’s thinking. Thinking types included “my theory”, “new information”, and “I need to understand.” CSILE later evolved into Knowledge Forum.[20]
In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee, then a young British engineer working at CERN in Switzerland, circulated a proposal for an in-house online document sharing system which he described as a “web of notes with links.” After the proposal was grudgingly approved by his superiors, he called the new system the World Wide Web.
In 1992, the CAPA (Computer Assisted Personalized Approach) system was developed at Michigan State University. It was first used in a 92-student physics class in the fall of 1992. Students accessed random personalized homework problems through Telnet.
Two years later, *TheGlobe.com was founded. In 1998, *TheGlobe.com’s initial public offering posts the largest first day gain in US history.[21]
In 2001, Adrian Scott founded Ryze, a free social networking website designed to link business professionals, particularly new entrepreneurs.
In February 2002, the suvi.org Addressbook started its service. It was the first service that connected people together. The idea is simply to have an up to date addressbook and not to loose contact with friends. Other people on the globe had the same idea. friendster, faceboook and many other services where successors to this.
In April 2002, Jonathan Abrams created his profile on Friendster[22].
In 2003, Hi5, LinkedIn[23], and MySpace were launched.
In February 2004, Facebook was launched.
In 2004, Levin (in Allen 2004, sec. 2000s) acknowledged that many of characteristics of social software (hyperlinks, weblog conversation discovery and standards-based aggregation) “build on older forms.”. Nevertheless, “the difference in scale, standardization, simplicity and social incentives provided by web access turn a difference in degree to a difference in kind.” Key technological factors underlying this difference in kind in the computer, network and information technologies are: filtered hypertext, ubiquitous web/computing, continuous internet connectivity, cheap, efficient and small electronics, content syndication strategies (RSS) and others. Additionally, the convergence of several major information technology systems for voice, data and video into a single system makes for expansive computing environments with far reaching effects.
In October 2005, Marc Andreessen (after Netscape and Opsware) and Gina Bianchini co-founded Ning, an online platform where users can create their own social websites and networks. Ning means “peace” in Chinese, as explained by Gina Bianchini on the company blog[24] and is now running more than 275,000 networks. Ning is part of what is called “white label social networking providers” and it is often compared to Kickapps, Brightcove, rSitez and Flux[25].
[edit] See also
- ^ “Jumper 2.0 Tags the Enterprise”. John Udell, Web 2.0 News. 17 April 2009. http://www.amazines.com/article_detail.cfm?articleid=869844.
- ^ Forrester Report, “Vendor Product Catalog of Community Platforms For The Interactive Marketer “
- ^ CMS Watch, “Enterprise Social Software Vendor List”
- ^ Sheizaf Rafaeli & Noy, A. (2002), Online auctions, messaging, communication and social facilitation: a simulation and experimental evidence, European Journal of Information Systems, September 2002, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 196-207.
- ^ Sheizaf Rafaeli and Noy, A. (2005). “Social Presence: Influence on Bidders in Internet Auctions”. EM-Electronic Markets, 15(2), 158-176.
- ^ Stowe Boyd, “Are You Ready for Social Software?”
- ^ Clay Shirky, “A Group is Its Own Worst Enemy”
- ^ Matt Webb, “On Social Software”
- ^ Trustlet, Definition of trust network
- ^ CMS Watch, “A Scenario-based Approach to Evaluating Social Software”
- ^ Helen Hasan & Charmaine C Pfaff. 2006. “The Wiki: an environment to revolutionise employees’ interaction with corporate knowledge” ACM International Conference Proceeding Series; Vol. 206, pp.377-380.
- ^ Helen Hasan & Charmaine C Pfaff. 2006. “Emergent Conversational Technologies that are Democratizing Information Systems in Organizations: the case of the corporate Wiki” Proceedings of the Information Systems Foundations (ISF): Theory, Representation and Reality Conference, Australian National University, Canberra, 27-28 September 2006.
- ^ Allen, Christopher (2004)
- ^ Bush, Vannevar (July 1945). “As We May Think”. The Atlantic Monthly. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/194507/bush. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
- ^ Hegland, Frode; Klijnsma, Fleur; Engelbart, Doug. “The Invisible Revolution”. http://www.invisiblerevolution.net.
- ^ “Previous Recipients of the Draper Prize”. National Academy of Engineering. http://www.nae.edu/nae/awardscom.nsf/weblinks/NAEW-4NHMN6?OpenDocument.
- ^ Illich, Ivan (1971). Deschooling Society. New York, Harper & Row ISBN 0-06-012139-4
- ^ Bates, Tony & Helm, Croom, eds. (1984). The Role of Technology in Distance Education. Retrieved on 15 August 2006.
- ^ Computer Assisted Learning or Communications:
Which Way for Information Technology in Distance Education?
- ^ http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jaylemke/courses/ED750/CSILE_KF_illus.pdf CSILE/Knowledge Forum Scardamalia, M.
- ^ http://www.caslon.com.au/iponote.htm Lists theglobe.com’s gain as 866%
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/15/business/yourmoney/15friend.html?_r=2 Wallflower at the Web Party, NY Times
- ^ http://www.thealarmclock.com/mt/archives/2004/08/linkedin_hq_mou.html Linked-In profile
- ^ The Story Behind the Ning Name, by Gina Bianchini, Ning Blog, April 11, 2007
- ^ TechCrunch: Nine Ways to Build Your Own Social Network - July 24, 2007
[edit] References
[edit] External links
